Foetal growth retardation infant low birth weight micronutrients pregnancy outcome premature birth prenatal nutritional physiological phenomena social classPrenatal development human gestation pregnancy fetal period growth development fetal monitoring techniques fetal developmentFetal growth fetal development somatic development embryonic period fetal period neurologic development behavioral development prenatal development Nutrition pregnancy lactation gestational weight gainObesity maternal health diabetes fetal health birth outcomesWorld Health Organization (WHO). WHO recommendations on antenatal care for a positive pregnancy experience. (2016). Available at: apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/250796/9789241549912-eng.pdf;jsessionid=C4EED29DB6CB7CE592784854865F3713
Cognition gross motor skills fine motor skills social-emotional developmentKoletzko B, Bauer CP, Brönstrup A, Cremer M, Flothkötter M, Hellmers C, Kersting M, Krawinkel M, Przyrembel H, Schäfer T, Vette K, Wahn U, Weißenborn A. Infant nutrition and nutrition for breastfeeding mothers - Updated practice recommendations of the network "Healthy Start - Young Family Network" a project from IN FORM. (2013). Healthy Start - Young Family Network. Available at: pdfs.semanticscholar.org/3e73/b5f38f7a58600f590546858112944ad88453.pdf
UNICEF. Early Childhood Development: The key to a full and productive life. (n.d.). Available at: www.unicef.org/dprk/ecd.pdf
University of Pittsburgh. Office of Child Development. Developmental Milestones: Birth to 12 Months. (2015). Available at: www.ocd.pitt.edu/You-and-Your-Foster-Child-Parenting-Guides/48/default.aspx
World Health Organization (WHO). Infant and Young Child Feeding. (2009). WHO press. Available at: www.wpro.who.int/nutrition_wpr/publications/infantchildfeeding.pdf
Oxytocin prolactin milk production milk volume lactation stress pretermWorld Health Organization (WHO). Infant and Young Child Feeding. (2009). WHO press. Available at: www.wpro.who.int/nutrition_wpr/publications/infantchildfeeding.pdf
Human milk composition breastfeeding infant nutrition pasteurization bioactive factorsHuman breast milk lactose immunity system antimicrobial peptides proteins cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide (CAMP)Nucleotides human milk infant formulaHuman milk breastfeeding bacteria mammary microbiota dendritic cells mastitis probiotics HIVGuarner F, Sanders ME, Eliakim R, Fedorak R, Gangl A, Garisch J, Kaufmann P, Karakan T, Khan AG, Kim N, De Paula JA, Ramakrishna B, Shanahan F, Szajewska H, Thomson A, Le Mair A, Merenstein D, and Salminen S. Probiotics and Prebiotics. (2017). World Gastroenterology Organization Global Guidelines. Available at: www.worldgastroenterology.org/guidelines/global-guidelines/probiotics-and-prebiotics/probiotics-and-prebiotics-english
Human milk human milk composition infant formula infant formula processing infant formula quality infant formula regulation infant feedingCommensal bacteria human milk Staphylococcus aureus antimicrobial activityHomeostasis human milk intestinal microbiota oligosaccharides T cellsHuman milk arachidonic acid docosahexaenoic acid infant nutrition infant developmentNucleotides infants nutritionBiofactors breastfeeding breastmilk composition proteinsHuman milk breast milk milk proteins casein whey proteins lactoferrin immunoglobulins lactoperoxidase haptocorrin lysozyme β-lactalbuminBreast milk infant formula cow's milk allergy cow's milk alternativesPrebiotics digestibility fermentation intestinal bacteriaAntibiotics Bifidobacterium human milk LactobacillusNucleosides nucleid acids RNA human milkChild development embryonic and foetal development nutritional requirements premature infant feedingBreastfeeding breast milk health benefits public healthHuman milk composition breastfeeding infant nutrition pasteurization bioactive factorsAttachment bonding mother-infant relations oxytocin peptidesBreastmilk composition cell /protein/ fat content cell viability protein concentration milk production breastfeedingInfectious diseases respiratory infections diarrhea breastfeedingAllergy and immunology nutrition molecular biology gastroenterologyPuerperium involution uterus delivery mode breastfeeding ultrasoundInfant feeding blood glucose serum insulin type 2 diabetes systematic reviewBioactivity colostrumShort-term effects of breastfeeding long-term effects of breastfeeding exclusive breastfeeding breastfeeding promotionBreastfeeding antenatal care infant health outcomes lactationLactation breastfeeding breast cancerBreastfeeding formula feeding maternal health childrens' health benefits risks modellingHuman breast milk stem cells leukocytes microbiome probiotic bacteriaWorld Health Organization (WHO). Guideline - Protecting, promoting, and supporting breastfeeding in facilities providing maternity and newborn services. (2017) Available at: apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/259386/9789241550086-eng.pdf;jsessionid=06D116DDD50DEB4196244F75CA0A6937
World Health Organization (WHO). Nutrition topics. (2018). Available at: www.who.int/nutrition/topics/infantfeeding_recommendation/en/
Mastitis breast inflammation breast fullness breast engorgement breast infection milk stasis milk removalBromocriptine cardiovascular diseases lactation inhibition misuse postpartum periodMilk heat treatment protein denaturation maillard reaction fluorescence β-lactoglobulin furosine lactuloseBundesinstitut für Risikiobewertung (BfR). Stilldauer - Empfehlung der Nationalen Stillkommission am BfR. (2004). Available at: www.bfr.bund.de/cm/343/stilldauer.pdf
Oxytocin prolactin milk production milk volume lactation stress pretermBreastfeeding breast milk feeding frequency milk intakeHeat treatment Maillard reaction infant formula Furosine Hydroxymethylfurfural CarboxymethyllysineNewborn mother lactation stress cognitionBreastfeeding feeding behavior feeding volumes infant feeding breast milkBreastfeeding lactation weaning infantProteins human milk digestion casein whey proteinsBreastfeeding lactation complications insufficient milk galactogoguePartial and exclusive breastfeeding breastfeeding cessation breastfeeding supportInsufficient milk production hydrationSuppression of lactation pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic treatmentsMastitis health profile breastfeedingHerbs insomnia pregnancy fatigue pregnancy constipation stress sore nipples engorgement plugged duct mastitisBreastfeeding woman stimulation of lactation galactogoguesWorld Health Organization (WHO). Breastfeeding infographics. (2017). Available at: www.who.int/topics/breastfeeding/infographics/en/
Importance of breastfeeding breastmilk composition benefits of breastfeeding infant feeding how breastfeeding worksInfant and young child feeding recommended practices physiological basis of breastfeeding complementary feeding maternity facilities breast conditions breastfeeding difficulties mothers' health health system and community actionsEpidemiology causes of mastitis milk stasis infection predisposing factors pathology and clinical features prevention treatmentHuman milk prebiotic probiotic safety chineseBacteria diarrhea infants intestinal repair nucleotidesInfant formula follow-on formula compositionAlpha-linolenic acid arachidonic acid docosahexaenoic acid eicosapentaenoic acid infant nutrition linoleic acid maternal health maternal nutrition perinatal developmentKoletzko B, Bauer CP, Brönstrup A, Cremer M, Flothkötter M, Hellmers C, Kersting M, Krawinkel M, Przyrembel H, Schäfer T, Vette K, Wahn U, Weißenborn A. Infant nutrition and nutrition for breastfeeding mothers - Updated practice recommendations of the network "Healthy Start - Young Family Network" a project from IN FORM. (2013). Healthy Start - Young Family Network. Available at: pdfs.semanticscholar.org/3e73/b5f38f7a58600f590546858112944ad88453.pdf
Infant and young child feeding recommended practices physiological basis of breastfeeding complementary feeding maternity facilities breast conditions breastfeeding difficulties mothers' health health system and community actionsInhibitors lipases lipolysis physicochemical properties of lipidsOntogeny of gastrointestinal anatomy innervation contractile activity peristaltic function preterm infant feedingHuman milk gastrointestinal tract bioactivity biological evolution immunologyPhysiology of digestion month week pregnancy gut development nutrition dietDevelopmental gastroenterology intestinal growth microecology premature infants necrotizing enterocolitisSterile womb in utero colonization microbiome placenta contamination axenic animalsSaint Luke's Health System. Anatomy of the Pediatric Digestive System. (n.d.). Available at: www.saintlukeskc.org/health-library/anatomy-pediatric-digestive-system
Microbiota asthma early life critical window hygiene hypothesis microflora hypothesisAllergy Bifidobacterium gut microbiota hygiene hypothesis infantsMaturation gastrointestinal tract colostrum hormones peptidesUnexplained early crying crying as a developmental phenomenon challenges of assessing crying complaints crying management outcomes and consequencesNeonate toddler regurgitation colic constipationFunctional constipation organic constipation treatmentWater-electrolyte balance acid-base balance infant baby formula diarrhea breastfeeding water dehydrationAcute diarrhea gastroenteritis children hydration child nutritionDiarrhea malnutrition infection dietary intake breastfeedingConstipation functional constipation organic constipation fecal impaction childrenAcute gastroenteritis child children definition of diarrhea guidelinesCow's milk protein CMPAChildren adolescents abdominal pain nausea vomiting functional disordersFood intolerance food allergy cow's milk protein allergy lactose intolerance lactase deficiency Functional constipation pharmacological treatment non-pharmacological treatmentGastroesophageal reflux gastroesophageal reflux disease pediatrics guidelines review global consensus reflux-related disease vomiting regurgitation rumination extraesophageal symptoms Barrett esophagus proton pump inhibitors diagnostic imaging impedance monitoring gastrointestinal endoscopy lifestyle changesLocust bean gum carob bean gum regurgitation gastro-oesophageal reflux safety infants infant formula thickenerConstipation diagnosis paediatrics therapeuticsDiarrhoea vomiting gastroenteritis diagnosis nutritional management therapies Cow's milk allergy oral food challenge skin prick test atopy patch test hypoallergenic formulas intestinal microbiota nutritionColic rule of three organic causes of crying diagnosis colic managementFunctional gastrointestinal disorders FGIDs Rome criteria guidelines infant toddler children adolescent Management of colic treatment of colic pharmacological treatment complementary and alternative treatmentChildren constipation encopresis enema evidence-based fecal incontinence fecal soiling functional constipation guideline infants laxativeInfant cow's milk protein allergyColic depression infant maternal postnatal Functional gastrointestinal disorders infant toddlersHygiene practices infectionFunctional constipation therapeutic agents pharmacological treatment non-pharmacological treatmentAnaemia human iron requirement iron bioavailability iron deficiency iron metabolismCalcium factorial approach balance average requirement dietary reference valueIron average requirement dietary reference value probabilistic modelling factorial approachVitamin A retinol carotenoids average requirement population reference intake dietary reference valueFood composition food nutrient content nutrients food nutritional value key foods health policyFolic acid l-methylfolate dietary supplementsBone calcium pregnancyPregnancy vitamin A vitamin A deficiency micronutrient supplementationDietary iron iron iron deficiency anaemia ferrous Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome iron deficiency fertility infant newborn birth weight societies World Health Organization (WHO). Iron deficiency anaemia: assessment, prevention, and control: a guide for programme managers. (2001). Available at: www.who.int/nutrition/publications/micronutrients/anaemia_iron_deficiency/WHO_NHD_01.3/en/
World Health Organization (WHO). Global prevalence of vitamin A deficiency in populations at risk 1995-2005. (2009). Available at: apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/44110/9789241598019_eng.pdf
World Health Organization (WHO). Guideline: daily iron and folic acid supplementation in pregnant women. (2012). Available at: apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/77770/9789241501996_eng.pdf
World Health Organization (WHO). Guideline: calcium supplementation in pregnant women. (2013). Available at: apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/85120/9789241505376_eng.pdf
World Health Organization (WHO). WHO recommendations on antenatal care for a positive pregnancy experience. (2016). Available at: apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/250796/9789241549912-eng.pdf;jsessionid=C4EED29DB6CB7CE592784854865F3713
Adolescents children infants vitamin D deficiency vitamin D supplementationInfant reference values nutrient intake supplements health vitamins minerals trace elements nutrition development child infant Infant formula follow-on formula composition Vitamin D 25(OH)D UVB irradiation musculoskeletal health outcomes meta-regression adequate intake dietary reference value Sources of calcium metabolism of calcium functions of calcium sources of vitamin D metabolism of vitamin D functions of vitamin DVitamin D biology and metabolism measuring vitamin D exposure health outcomesCalciferol calcidiol cholecalciferol calcitriol vitamin D 25-hydroxyvitamin D 125-dihydroxyvitamin D toxicity safety nutrition environment ultraviolet light hyperparathyroidism osteoporosis osteomalacia daily reference intake 25(OH)D 125(OH)2D no observed adverse effect level NOAEL LOAEL lowest observed adverse effect levelWorld Health Organization (WHO) and Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations (FAO). Vitamin and mineral requirements in human nutrition. (2004). Available at: www.who.int/nutrition/publications/micronutrients/9241546123/en/
Vitamin D sources metabolism growth and development immunityVascular calcification Vitamin D survival hyperparathyroidism phosphate chronic kidney diseaseMinerals milk composition human milk bovine milkInfant reference values nutrient intake supplements health vitamins minerals trace elements nutrition development child infant Calcium factorial approach balance average requirement dietary reference valuePhosphorus calcium molar ratio adequate intake dietary reference valueVitamin D 25(OH)D UVB irradiation musculoskeletal health outcomes meta-regression adequate intake dietary reference valueEstimating requirements upper intake levels calcium phosphorus magnesium vitamin D fluorideSources of calcium metabolism of calcium functions of calcium sources of vitamin D metabolism of vitamin D functions of vitamin DVitamin D deficiency insufficiency supplementation vitamin D intake Calcium calcium deficiency calcium homeostasis bone mineralisation osteoporosis dietary calcium requirementsHypercalcaemia paediatrics bisphosphonates hyperparathyroidismVitamin D biology and metabolism measuring vitamin D exposure health outcomesCalciferol calcidiol cholecalciferol calcitriol vitamin D 25-hydroxyvitamin D 1.25-dihydroxyvitamin D toxicity safety nutrition environment ultraviolet light hyperparathyroidism osteoporosis osteomalacia daily reference intake 25(OH)D 1.25(OH)2D no observed adverse effect level NOAEL LOAEL lowest observed adverse effect levelWorld Health Organization (WHO) and Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations (FAO). Vitamin and mineral requirements in human nutrition. (2004). Available at: www.who.int/nutrition/publications/micronutrients/9241546123/en/
Vitamin D sources metabolism growth and development immunityVascular calcification vitamin D survival hyperparathyroidism phosphate chronic kidney diseaseThyroid hormones hypothyroidism hyperthyroidism thyroid function abnormalities effects on cardiovascular system effects on skeletal system effects on neurological systemInfant reference values nutrient intake supplements health vitamins minerals trace elements nutrition development child infant Time trends early childhood breastfeeding nutrient intake food consumptionBreastfed infants formula-fed infants energy intake bodyweight dietInfant reference values nutrient intake supplements health vitamins minerals trace elements nutrition development child infant Vitamin C metabolic losses plasma ascorbate average requirement dietary reference value health outcomesVitamin D 25(OH)D UVB irradiation musculoskeletal health outcomes meta-regression adequate intake dietary reference value Human nutrition nutritional requirements nutrition physiology infants Vitamin D deficiency insufficiency supplementation vitamin D intake Sources of calcium metabolism of calcium functions of calcium sources of vitamin D metabolism of vitamin D functions of vitamin DVitamin A iron anaemia iron deficiency anaemia micronutrientsVitamin D biology and metabolism measuring vitamin D exposure health outcomesRiboflavin thiamine niacin folateCalciferol calcidiol cholecalciferol calcitriol vitamin D 25-hydroxyvitamin D 1.25-dihydroxyvitamin D toxicity safety nutrition environment ultraviolet light hyperparathyroidism osteoporosis osteomalacia daily reference intake 25(OH)D 1.25(OH)2D no observed adverse effect level NOAEL LOAEL lowest observed adverse effect levelWorld Health Organization (WHO) and Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations (FAO). Vitamin and mineral requirements in human nutrition. (2004). Available at: www.who.int/nutrition/publications/micronutrients/9241546123/en/
Vitamin D sources metabolism growth and development immunityVascular calcification vitamin D survival hyperparathyroidism phosphate chronic kidney diseaseVitamin C metabolic losses plasma ascorbate average requirement dietary reference value health outcomes Fluoride caries adequate intake dietary reference valueZinc dietary reference value population reference intake phytateDietary reference values nutrients macronutrients micronutrients Dietary recommendations expert groups factorial approach physiological requirements zincZinc copper myelopathy denture creamVitamin C vitamin E selenium carotenoids dietary reference intakeBiotin brain coenzyme folate homocysteine niacin pantothenic acid riboflavin thiamin vitaminFluoride bone health osteoporosisSodium fluorosilicate zinc fluorosilicate fatal poisoning tissue dispositionZinc immune system zinc deficiencyFluoride supplements caries prevention fluorosis evidence-based dentistry clinical recommendationsFluoride water fluoridation teeth dietary fluoride supplementsVitamin B B-complex vitamins thiamine riboflavin niacin pyridoxine pantothenic acid biotin inositol folic acid folate cobalamin Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome beriberi pellagra pernicious anaemia megaloblastic anaemia intrinsic factor haematinic peripheral neuropathyRiboflavin thiamine niacin folateFluoride acute fluoride toxicity sources of overexposureWorld Health Organization (WHO) and Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations (FAO). Vitamin and mineral requirements in human nutrition. (2004). Available at: www.who.int/nutrition/publications/micronutrients/9241546123/en/
Breastfeeding galactogogues health policy lactationBreastfeeding galega infant new bornMoringa oleifera mallungay breastmilkBreastfeeding galactogogues herbs lactationGalactagogue human milk preterm infants silymarin galegaBreastfeeding woman stimulation of lactation galactogoguesGalactogogue silymarin-phosphatidylserine galegaGastrointestinal disorder herbal treatment fennel Infantile colic massage sucrose solution herbal tea hydrolysed formulaMentha Piperita peppermint synbiotics abdominal painDiarrhoea children efficacy tolerability gastroenteritis pectin chamomile extractNeonate toddler diarrhoea regurgitation colic constipation vomitingHypoallergenic formula atopic dermatitis anthropometry infectionsConstipation prebiotics inulin stool consistency non-pharmacological treatment childrenFunctional constipation lactobacillus reuteriMicrobiota probiotics infant biomodulator dysbiosisChildren diarrhoea realimentationAcute diarrhoea treatment apple pectin chamomilePrebiotics gut microbiology oligosaccharides microbial fermentationLong chain fats malabsorbtive disorders liver disease abnormal small intestinal flora lymphatic abnormalities lipid metabolism Acute gastroenteritis child children definition of diarrhoea guidelinesGuarner F, Sanders ME, Eliakim R, Fedorak R, Gangl A, Garisch J, Kaufmann P, Karakan T, Khan AG, Kim N, De Paula JA, Ramakrishna B, Shanahan F, Szajewska H, Thomson A, Le Mair A, Merenstein D, and Salminen S. Probiotics and Prebiotics. (2017). World Gastroenterology Organization Global Guidelines. Access in March 2018. Available at: www.worldgastroenterology.org/guidelines/global-guidelines/probiotics-and-prebiotics/probiotics-and-prebiotics-english
Functional chronic constipation probiotic bifidobacterium longum yogurt adolescents childrenBeta-palmitic acid fatty acids human milk infant nutrition milk formulasLactobacillus rhamnosus functional gastrointestinal disorders probiotics Infantile colic diet breastfed infants formula-fed infantsSoy infant formula allergy cow's milk allergy soy allergy IgEKoletzko B, Bauer CP, Brönstrup A, Cremer M, Flothkötter M, Hellmers C, Kersting M, Krawinkel M, Przyrembel H, Schäfer T, Vette K, Wahn U, Weißenborn A. Infant nutrition and nutrition for breastfeeding mothers - Updated practice recommendations of the network "Healthy Start - Young Family Network" a project from IN FORM. (2013). Healthy Start - Young Family Network. Available at: pdfs.semanticscholar.org/3e73/b5f38f7a58600f590546858112944ad88453.pdf
Beta-palmitate sn-2 palmitate infant formula crying stool characteristics breastfeedingProbiotic diarrhoea saccharomyces boulardii adult patients meta-analysisComplementary and alternative medicine herbal supplement infantile colic probioticsLocust bean gum carob bean gum regurgitation gastro-oesophageal reflux safety infants infant formula thickenerCow's milk allergy oral food challenge skin prick test atopy patch test hypoallergenic formulas intestinal microbiota nutritionMucin tight junction antimicrobial peptide defensing adherenceFunctional gastrointestinal disorders probiotics Lactobacillus reuteri childrenAcute diarrhoea children zinc probioticNatural health products source of informationGastrointestinal disorders diarrhoea inflammatory bowel disease irritable bowel syndrome liver disease gastrointestinal microbiota probiotics prebiotics synbioticsPrebiotics bifidobacteriaInfantile colic partially hydrolysed milk formula prebiotics treatmentProbiotic prebiotic synbiotic health claims definitions historyTormentil root extract rotavirus diarrhoeaDiarrhoea guideline infants microbiota probiotics RCT systematic reviewMedium-chain triglyceride oil (MCT oil) diarrhoea children nutritional statusProbiotics prebiotics paediatrics supplements nutritionDiagnosis and management of cow's milk protein allergy breast-fed infants formula-fed infants(Antibiotic-associated) diarrhoea gastroenteritis inflammatory bowel disease irritable bowel syndrome prebiotic probioticConstipation colic crying functional disorder formula fussiness gastrointestinal symptoms gassiness infant regurgitationInfant cow's milk protein allergyHerbal tea infantile colicGut microbiota children dietary fibre functional gastrointestinal disorders prebiotics oligosaccharidesGastro-oesophageal reflux infants thickened feeding intraluminal electrical impedance technique placebo-controlled studyProbiotics RCT microbiota functional gastrointestinal disordersReflux dyspepsia paediatric integrative medicine acupuncture gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD)Bundesinstitut für Risikiobewertung (BfR). Stilldauer - Empfehlung der Nationalen Stillkommission am BfR. (2004). Available at: www.bfr.bund.de/cm/343/stilldauer.pdf
Bundesinstitut für Risikobewertung (BfR). Update der S3-Leitlinie Allergieprävention weicht von Stillempfehlung der Nationalen Stillkommission ab. (2015). Available at: www.bfr.bund.de/cm/343/update-der-s3-leitlinie-allergiepraevention-weicht-von-stillempfehlung-der-nationalen-stillkommission-ab.pdf
Deutschen Gesellschaft für Allergologie und klinische Immunologie (DGAKI) und Deutsche Gesellschaft für Kinder- und Jugendmedizin (DGKJ). S3-Leitlinie Allergieprävention - Update 2014 / Evidence-based and consented guideline on allergy prevention - update 2014. (2014). Available at: www.awmf.org/uploads/tx_szleitlinien/061-016l_S3_Allergiepr%C3%A4vention_2014-07.pdf
Bundesinstitut für Risikiobewertung (BfR). Stillen - richtiges Anlegen und Saugen - Empfehlung der Nationalen Stillkommission (2007). Available at: www.bfr.bund.de/cm/343/stillen_richtiges_anlegen_und_saugen.pdf
Bundesinstitut für Risikiobewertung (BfR). Zufütterungstechniken für gestillte Säuglinge (2015). Available at: www.bfr.bund.de/cm/343/zufuetterungstechniken-fuer-gestillte-saeuglinge.pdf
Bundesinstitut für Risikiobewertung (BfR). Sammlung, Aufbewahrung und Umgang mit abgepumpter Muttermilch für das eigene Kind im Krankenhaus und zu Hause - Empfehlung der Nationalen Stillkommission. (1998). Available at: www.bfr.bund.de/cm/343/sammlung_aufbewahrung_und_umgang_mit_abgepumpter_muttermilch_fuer_das_eigene_kind.pdf
Deutsche Gesellschaft für Kinder- und Jugendmedizin e.V. Ernährungskommission warnt vor der Verwendung unzureichend geprüfter Muttermilch von Spenderinnen. (2014). Available at: www.dgkj.de/unsere-arbeit/wissenschaft/stellungnahmen/ansicht/ernaehrungskommission-warnt-vor-der-verwendung-unzureichend-gepruefter-muttermilch-von-spenderinnen/
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